Metalinguistic#

Sanction#

PPS Propositional#

THIS is just a statement not representing anyone's opinion, THIS is an objective truth.

That is a dog.

I am eating a mango.

EPI Epistemic#

THIS is a statement representing cultural knowledge.

That dog is of noble ancestry.

I am eating a mango imported from another country.

ALG Allegative#

THIS is a subjective opinion or interpretation.

The dog is ugly.

Mangoes are good for everyone.

IPU Imputative#

THIS is a statement that one can assume to be true unless more evidence appears.

He takes care of his dog (because the latter looks healthy, who else can take care of the dog?)

He has just eaten a mango (I can see its seeds on the table).

RFU Refutative#

THIS statement is based on cultural knowledge and refutes an earlier statement.

REB Rebuttative#

THIS Propositional statement additionally refutes an earlier statement.

THR Theoretical#

THIS statement is a hypothesis that can be tested for validity.

EXV Expatiative#

THIS statement is hypothesis that might not inherently allow its validation.

AXM Axiomatic#

THIS Propositional statement can't be refuted or argued.

We are on the Earth.

Not drinking water causes thirst.

Validation#

Validation, also known as “evidential marker” represents how or to what degree THIS is supported by evidence.

Acquired knowledge or direct observation#

Abbreviation	Expanded name	Verifiable by other speakers
CNF	CONFIRMATIVE	yes
AFM	AFFIRMATIVE	maybe not
RPT	REPORTIVE	no

Intuition or inference#

Abbreviation	Expanded name	Type	Example
ITU	INTUITIVE	intuition or feeling	I have a feeling that ...
INF	INFERENTIAL	inference	I assume ...

Hearsay Categories. Trustworthy source#

Abbreviation	Expanded name	The source of the hearsay	Example
PSM	PRESUMPTIVE	can be verified	Presumably ...
PSM2	PRESUMPTIVE 2	might be not verifiable	Presumably ...
PPT	PURPORTIVE	can't be verified	Purportedly ...

Hearsay Categories. Source may not be trustworthy#

Abbreviation	Expanded name	The source of the hearsay	Example
PPT2	PURPORTIVE 2	can be verified	Reportedly ...
CJT	CONJECTURAL	might be not verifiable	Supposedly ...
DUB	DUBITATIVE	can't be verified	Allegedly ...

Hearsay Categories. Source is not trustworthy#

Abbreviation	Expanded name	The source of the hearsay
TEN	TENTATIVE	can be verified
PUT	PUTATIVE	might be not verifiable
IPB	IMPROBABLE	can't be verified

Illocution#

ASR Assertive#

THIS has to be believed by the listener. The listener has to accept SPEAKER's point of view expressed in THIS. Used for explanations and descriptions.

ju'a, ca'e

DIR Directive#

THIS is a mental construct of SPEAKER. Subjunctive/optative/imperative mood. Used for promises, commands. The listener would respond to THIS with obeyance, compliance, granting permission.

ko'oi, ko, e'e, ei, e'i [?] nu'e

IRG Interrogative#

THIS statement has no truth value. Instead, a reply expressing attitude is expected from listeners. THIS can be translated as “yes/no/what do you think?” questions.

xu

ADM Admonitive#

THIS is a warning.

Be careful not to come closer to the bridge.

e'anai o'i

HOR Hortative#

THIS statement is wished to be true.

Wish you were here.

au

DEC Declarative#

THIS is a declaration, an announcement.

I pronounce you husband and wife

ca'e/sei mi te notci