Metalinguistic
Sanction
PPS Propositional
THIS is just a statement not representing anyone's opinion, THIS is an objective truth.
That is a dog.
I am eating a mango.
EPI Epistemic
THIS is a statement representing cultural knowledge.
That dog is of noble ancestry.
I am eating a mango imported from another country.
ALG Allegative
THIS is a subjective opinion or interpretation.
The dog is ugly.
Mangoes are good for everyone.
IPU Imputative
THIS is a statement that one can assume to be true unless more evidence appears.
He takes care of his dog (because the latter looks healthy, who else can take care of the dog?)
He has just eaten a mango (I can see its seeds on the table).
RFU Refutative
THIS statement is based on cultural knowledge and refutes an earlier statement.
REB Rebuttative
THIS [Propositional](metalinguistic.md#pps-propositional) statement additionally refutes an earlier statement.
THR Theoretical
THIS statement is a hypothesis that can be tested for validity.
EXV Expatiative
THIS statement is hypothesis that might not inherently allow its validation.
AXM Axiomatic
THIS [Propositional](metalinguistic.md#pps-propositional) statement can't be refuted or argued.
We are on the Earth.
Not drinking water causes thirst.
Validation
Validation, also known as “evidential marker” represents how or to what degree THIS is supported by evidence.
Acquired knowledge or direct observation
| Abbreviation | Expanded name | Verifiable by other speakers | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNF | CONFIRMATIVE | yes | |
| AFM | AFFIRMATIVE | maybe not | |
| RPT | REPORTIVE | no |
Intuition or inference
| Abbreviation | Expanded name | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| ITU | INTUITIVE | intuition or feeling | I have a feeling that ... |
| INF | INFERENTIAL | inference | I assume ... |
Hearsay Categories. Trustworthy source
| Abbreviation | Expanded name | The source of the hearsay | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| PSM | PRESUMPTIVE | can be verified | Presumably ... |
| PSM2 | PRESUMPTIVE 2 | might be not verifiable | Presumably ... |
| PPT | PURPORTIVE | can't be verified | Purportedly ... |
Hearsay Categories. Source may not be trustworthy
| Abbreviation | Expanded name | The source of the hearsay | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| PPT2 | PURPORTIVE 2 | can be verified | Reportedly ... |
| CJT | CONJECTURAL | might be not verifiable | Supposedly ... |
| DUB | DUBITATIVE | can't be verified | Allegedly ... |
Hearsay Categories. Source is not trustworthy
| Abbreviation | Expanded name | The source of the hearsay | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| TEN | TENTATIVE | can be verified | |
| PUT | PUTATIVE | might be not verifiable | |
| IPB | IMPROBABLE | can't be verified |
Illocution
ASR Assertive
THIS has to be believed by the listener. The listener has to accept SPEAKER's point of view expressed in THIS. Used for explanations and descriptions.
ju'a, ca'e
DIR Directive
THIS is a mental construct of SPEAKER. Subjunctive/optative/imperative mood. Used for promises, commands. The listener would respond to THIS with obeyance, compliance, granting permission.
ko'oi, ko, e'e, ei, e'i
[?] nu'e
IRG Interrogative
THIS statement has no truth value. Instead, a reply expressing attitude is expected from listeners. THIS can be translated as “yes/no/what do you think?” questions.
xu
ADM Admonitive
THIS is a warning.
Be careful not to come closer to the bridge.
e'anai o'i
HOR Hortative
THIS statement is wished to be true.
Wish you were here.
au
DEC Declarative
THIS is a declaration, an announcement.
I pronounce you husband and wife
ca'e/sei mi te notci